A Raisin in the Sun - 4 - 1047 Words

Tania Garcia A raisin in the sun Prof. Natalie Sandler November, 27, 2012 A Raisin in the sun In a Raisin in the sun people wondered about Walter Lee’s inner journey. A Raisin in the sun is a play that explorer’s the struggles of African American people who achieve their desires. It’s about an African American family trying to pursue an American dream of owning their own home but in the process they encounter racism and they must decide what is really important in life. Walter Lee’s inner journey is a man who lives with his mother and sister and his wife and Walter lee’s not satisfied of what he once owned and he doesn’t want to be a poor homeless†¦show more content†¦Walter lee’s felt also a certain way because he didn’t take the money he felt he was going against his pride and dignity. And because he felt certain things could never be bought. Walter’s son is the biggest motivation for his decision. .. The next Raisin in the sun topic is taking the poem from Lan gston Hughes and comparing it to the Raisin in the sun. In taking the poem from Langston Hughes and comparing it to raisin in the sun. In Raisin in the sun is mainly about dreams that each of the characters of in this play and on how they struggle through their issues and circumstances they have to deal within their lives. Just the title alone it coincides with the poem Langston Hughes wrote about dreams. This poem was about dreams that were pushed to the side or just left to be forgotten. Everyone in Raisin in the sun has their own dreams which they hope to conquer one day, like beneath a wishes one day to be a doctor, then there is her husband Walter who badly wants to have money so he can afford things for his family but with the struggle they go thru it’s hard to fulfill these dreams and for it to come true. These characters at the end of the play dream of having their house that’s one of the dreams they would love and desperately want to come true because it will unite their family back together. In Comparison to Langston Hughes poems he also talks dreams and whatShow MoreRelatedA Raisin In The Sun Character Analysis902 Words   |  4 PagesJared Sipe Professor Jenny Weatherford HUM3310EOL81: Interpretation of Fiction Module 4: Short Comparative Research Paper Indiana Tech 7 November 2017 Murray and Gordon: Segregation vs. Southern Pride Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† touches on many issues African Americans faced in the early to mid-twentieth century. One can analyze Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† from many angles, and come away with different meanings. While Michelle Gordon focuses more on segregation and housing discriminationRead More Fighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and The Cosby Show1410 Words   |  6 PagesFighting Charges of Assimilation in Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun and The Cosby Show The critical reception of The Cosby Show, an enormously popular television sitcom in the 1980s, roughly paralleled that of A Raisin in the Sun, Lorraine Hansberrys highly acclaimed play of the 1950s. Both the television series and the play helped change the way Blacks are portrayed in the entertainment media. But despite being initially greeted with critical praise, both subsequently fell under heavyRead More A Role of the Women Essay1119 Words   |  5 PagesThe Role of a Woman In a Raisin in the Sun is a play about a family that lives on the South side of Chicago, a section of the city Hansberry once described as â€Å" a place apart†, where â€Å" each piece of our living is a protest â€Å". After the death of Walter Young (Big Walter), his wife, Lena (Mama), is the beneficiary of a $10,000 insurance policy. The money will be used to provide for the family’s future. Race, race relation and big Walter’s insurance money supply the thematic context for Hansberry’sRead More Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin In The Sun - Dignity and the American Dream1248 Words   |  5 PagesDignity and the American Dream in A Raisin in the Sun   Ã‚  Ã‚   The American Dream, although different for each of us, is what we all aspire to achieve. In Lorraine Hansberrys, play, A Raisin in the Sun, each member of the Younger family desperately hopes for their own opportunity to achieve the American Dream. The American Dream to the Younger family is to own a home, but beyond that, to Walter Younger, it is to be accepted by white society.    In the book entitled Advertising the AmericanRead MoreExamples Of Racism In A Raisin In The Sun1672 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican history. However, not many books have been able to display the ethnic ignorance that white people have towards blacks. One of the more successful stories is A Raisin in the Sun shares a compelling story about an African-American family during the 1900s and offers many themes about social class and race. In A Raisin in the Sun, a negative legacy is left on modern drama due to the many examples of poverty and the message of money in the novel; though some people may believe that the play wasRead MoreGender Roles And How They Were Portrayed By Lorraine Hansberry s A Raisin1194 Words   |  5 Pagesdrama written by Lorraine Hansberry A Raisin In the Sun because throughout the entire movie there was many things said and some actions that showed gender defined who they were. The topic being discussed is gender roles and how they were portrayed in the movie. There will be a formalistic summary and the topic that will be discussed is gender roles through out the drama A Raisin In the Sun and how each character portrayed it. The setting of A Raisin In the Sun is the Chicago slums in the 1950’s.Read MoreThe Five Steps of Grief1131 Words   |  5 Pagesthe readers can see how each character deals with grief differently but eventually all reach acceptance. Lorraine Hansberry, writes about a family is all waiting for the arrival of their deceased father’s life insurance check in the play â€Å"A Raisin in The Sun†. The audience sees how each family member has to come to grasp with their father/husbands death and complete the grieving process. These two stories show the complexity and necessity of the five stages of grief. The five steps of grief areRead More Social Conflict and Rebellion in Lorraine Hansberrys A Raisin in the Sun982 Words   |  4 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lorraine Hansberrys play, A Raisin in the Sun, relates the story of a working-class African-American family with dreams. They are willing to rebel against the position that society has forced on them because of their r ace and class in order to fulfill their dreams. Walter Younger is a chauffeur who can find no peace with that part of society which seems to permit him and no entry into that which has willfully excluded him (Willie Loman 23). He wants to rise into wealth and live as his employerRead MoreAbortion And Abortion996 Words   |  4 Pagesmust die so that you may live as you wish.† It can tear families apart just like how they tear the fetus apart. What goes through peoples minds and how they come to the conclusion to kill a baby is perfectly shown in A Raisin In The Sun. Characterization in A Raisin In The Sun by Lorraine Hansberry shows the effects of abortion on one’s life. Before 1973, states had the option to choose whether abortion was illegal or had certain conditions that allowed someone to get an abortion such as if itRead MoreThe Life and Poetry of Langston Hughes Essay776 Words   |  4 Pagesget put on hold for some time. Hughes then asks, â€Å"Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?† (2-3). A raisin at first, is a grape, moist, round and juicy. However, it has shriveled up to become this dried up raisin. This simile is perfect because a dream deferred just shrivels up in our mind; we have let too much time pass to go back to fulfill the dream. The poem continues with â€Å"Or fester like a sore-and then run?† (3-4). This simile represents the dream eating at them; constantly an irritation

Where Do I Fit In Essay - 1488 Words

American Sign Language(ASL) has been for many years the main way the deaf communicate and is also extremely important to the deaf culture. To the hearing world, being deaf was always considered a handicap and for that reason they came up with what is called a cochlear implant, causing great debate within the deaf culture. The invention of the cochlear implant has the deaf worried that their culture will be destroyed, while the hearing world find that it will better there lives, not realizing that this procedure is not a cure and will leave the deaf confused as to where they belong in society. While hearing aids amplify sounds so that a damaged ear can pick them up, cochlear implants send electrical signals directly to the nerves of the†¦show more content†¦pag). Supporting this procedure would be like throwing everything that they fought for away, it would have all been pointless. There have been cases in which children who were born deaf were automatically forced upon a coc hlear implant and as adults they resent their parents for the choice they made. Supporters do not realize that a cochlear implant is not an automatic cure for being deaf. Those who have had the cochlear implant done, are probably only able to make out about 50% or 60% of what is being said to them, and some nearly hear anything (Cochlear implants n. pag)) This only goes to show that it is most likely a better choice for the child that is deaf to attend an all deaf school. If not they will miss much of what is being said in class and will probably even need an educational aid to take the notes for them(Cochlear implants n. pag). Publisher Mathew Moore of Deaf Life magazine says, Deaf people have created a marvelous language that transforms a mere disability into something that can be worth celebrating,(Cochlear implants n. pag). American Sign Language is truly a beautiful language and should be embraced by those who are deaf. Since 90% of deaf children are born to hearing parents, these parents should also make the effort in trying to learn this language as well and give their child a chance to learn about the deaf culture. Joseph Petrisch who became deaf at the tender age of two due to a sickness says, My parents onlyShow MoreRelatedFinding Your Place in High School828 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"Why fit in when you can stand out?† You have been told this your whole life. But whose responsibility is it to find out where you fit in, yours? Or your peers? Your adolescent years are all about trying to not stand out, and trying just as hard to fit in with the â€Å"in crowd.† You use more energy trying to â€Å"fit in,† instead of just spending all your energy on being who you really are. A group of friends are suppose to have things in common, but that is hard when everyone is putting up a fake personaRead MoreArgument Against The Claim That Business Is Not A Profession Essay1020 Words   |  5 Pageswell as providing a service that is in need. In this essay, I will debunk Pritchard’s argument against the claim that business is not a profession. First I will discuss how business is a profession because it involves formal education of knowledge and skills that a client acquires. Then I will show that the sole purpose of business is not to simply just generate a profit but can expand further. Finally, I will explain how business can fit Plato’s model of a craft. Pritchard claims that business isRead MoreCollege Board Webinar : The College Selection Process1668 Words   |  7 PagesBoard Webinar: The College Selection Process: Find the â€Å"Best Fit† I attend CollegeBoard the College Selection Process: Find the â€Å"Best Fit† webinar. There were two presenters Melissa Caperton, Senior Associate, American Council on Education American College Application Campaign (ACAC) and Dr. Venisa Green, Professional School Counselor, Percy L. Julian High School, Chicago Public Schools. I would definitely recommend this webinar because I have learned a lot how to increase the number of first-generationRead MoreHow Curriculum Is Implemented All Within The California Public School System1117 Words   |  5 Pagescurriculum is developed, how decisions are made on who teaches what, and how curriculum is implemented all within the California public school system. I believe the core mission of being a teacher is to deliver meaningful curriculum to our students which will allow them to successfully pass each grade level and become productive members of society. How do we, as teachers, accomplish this when so many curriculum models have been developed, used, criticized, tossed out, and replaced with something â€Å"better†Read MoreEssay about Laboratory Assignment: Virtual Microscopy1615 Words   |  7 Pagesresponses to the questions below where indicated. Remember to save your work frequently. Viewing Magnification, Field of View, and Specimen Size 1. On the UD Virtual Compound Microscope, examine the onion root tip slide at 400X viewing magnification. Ensure that the image is centred. What is the approximate size of an onion root tip cell? Show your work and specify which dimension of the cell (length or width) you are using. (2 marks) RESPONSE: The dimension of the cell I am using is length. The numberRead MoreIdentity And The Concept Of Self1217 Words   |  5 PagesThrough these past units I have learned several things about identity and the concept of self. Self concept is the intellectual and theoretical awareness and constant regard that conscious beings hold with regard to their own self. Elements of a persons self concept include but are not limited physical, psychological, and social attributes and can be affected by its attitudes, habits, beliefs and ideas. These factors can each be condensed to the common ideas of self esteem as well as self image.Read MoreCharacter Analysis : Claire Standish 1549 Words   |  7 PagesClaire Standish, the prom queen, fits into Identity vs. Role Confusion, Conventional Morality, and the Moratorium stage. Starting with Kohlberg’s Moral Development, Claire fits into the Conventional Morality stage. Claire is the most popular girl in their high school and is constan tly surrounded by many friends. Bender even goes as far as to say, â€Å"School would probably shut down if you didn’t show up!† Claire agrees with this statement and when talking to Alison later in the movie she says, â€Å"YoureRead MoreSocial Justice, The Fair Distribution Of Societys Benefits And Responsibilities And Their Consequences1386 Words   |  6 Pagesshare are not given. In this RCA I will reflecting on how employees of Brampton Civic Hospital are treated with Equity and how nurses provided ethical care based on culture, beliefs and health status of the employee at Occupational Health. Every employee at Brampton civic hospital has to be screened through the occupational health nurse before they start the employment. The occupational health nurse screen them for mandatory immunization, Tb tests and mask fits. So, what if the employee has religiousRead MoreAccepting Others in Adolescence Stage643 Words   |  3 Pageslifetime goes through the Adolescence stage, where they feel like they don’t fit in. They try so hard to fit in and be accepted by others, but yet there is still something about them that isn’t the same as everyone else. Whether or not it’s trying to fit in with the â€Å"populars† or trying to not be the next person to be bullied, they can’t seem to find what they are looking for. Those â€Å"popular† people may think that they can’t take action and help those who don’t fit in, but they can. Accepting others forRead MoreFree will vs. Determinism1124 Words   |  5 Pagesfor this assignment, I po sed the question of free will vs. determinism to a philosopher friend, whose response was â€Å"I don’t care.† He feels that the question is not worth asking because it will not impact our actions anyway. Which ultimately makes him somewhat of a determinist I suppose, though I’m sure he would disapprove of being classified as such. In the end, I settled on the topic of free will vs. determinism because lately it seems I am often faced with situations where my ability to exercise

Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The intent of this survey is for the author to research the authorities schemes in battling the lifting rates of minor orgy imbibing in the UK. The author will near this subject by briefly analyzing the prevalence, determiners, and effects of minor orgy imbibing. The author will besides critically analyse spreads in authorities schemes in undertaking minor imbibing and later explicate a policy intercession that would turn to the spreads highlighted. We will write a custom essay sample on Underage Binge Drinking In UK Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ethical consideration of the policy intercession will besides be explored, and later contemplation and decision will shut the survey. There is no cosmopolitan definition of orgy imbibing, but it is frequently described as a form of inordinate consumption of intoxicant over a short period of clip ( Home Office Findings ( HOFs ) , 2005 ) . Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology ( POST ) ( 2005 ) expands this definition farther as such behavior that leads to a rapid addition in blood intoxicant concentration and accordingly to drunkenness. However, the author believes that orgy imbibing occurs when people have no bound of their intoxicant consumption within a short period ensuing in exposing themselves or/and other people to put on the line. Underage orgy imbibing continues to increase in the UK, although the figure of immature people aged 11 to 15 who drink intoxicant has fallen since 2001 ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2007 ) . However, those that drink intoxicant continue to imbibe more and more frequently ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to HOFs ( 2006 ) , the nature of offenses among elderly 10 to 17 during or after imbibing was associated with frequence of imbibing. Those that drink one time a hebdomad or more reported acquiring involved in statements ( 48 % ) , battles ( 19 % ) and condemnable harm offenses ( 12 % ) during or after imbibing compared to those that drink between one and three times a month ( 16 % , 6 % and 4 % severally ) . Another survey undertaken by The European School Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs ( ESPAD ) has examined imbibing among representative samples of elderly 15 and 16 in the UK. In 2003 survey, UK was ranked as the 3rd most adolescent orgy drinkers out of 35 European states ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . There are some effects of teenage orgy imbibing, and one of this is medical consequence. Binge imbibing causes encephalon harm that destroys the encephalon cells and grounds suggests that adolescent orgy drinkers are likely to see impaired memory and concluding accomplishments ( Institute of Alcohol Studies ( IAS ) , 2007 ) . Alcohol toxic condition is another common medical status among immature orgy drinkers. The hazard of cardiovascular, high blood pressure, shots, bosom diseases, psychological jobs, chest and unwritten malignant neoplastic diseases are ulterior effects of teenage imbibing on maturity ( IAS, 2007 ) . One of the economic deductions of orgy imbibing is the cost to the NHS, it is estimated that the cost of intoxicant injury to the NHS in England is ?2.7 billion ( 2006/07 ) as compared to ?1.7 billion in 2001/02 monetary values ( The Health and Social Care Information Centre ( THSCIC ) , 2009 ) . Other effects of minor orgy imbibing consequence in intoxicant related accidents. For illustration, in 2007, 6,541 deceases in England were straight related to alcohol ingestion and this has increased by 19 % between 2001 and 2007 ( THSCIC, 2009 ) . Besides, orgy imbibing consequences in insecure behavior such as sexual activities and other illicit drug usage, which is more outstanding with immature orgy drinkers ( IAS, 2007 ) . Determinants OF UNDERAGE BINGE Drinking Dahlgren and Whitehead ( 1991 ) ( see appendix ) formulated a utile model to intensively research the determiners of wellness. It is argued that public wellness is non chiefly the absence of diseases ( World Health Organisation ( WHO ) , 1948 ) but to advance ways of protracting people ‘s lives ( Acheson, 1988 ) through the complex interactions between societal and economic factors, the physical environment and single behavior every bit good as fixed factors such as age, sex and hereditary. The extremum of teenage orgy imbibing age seems to happen around elderly 15 and supra. HOFs ( 2006 ) reported that kids aged 16 to 17 reported holding had alcoholic drink in the old 12 months. This study shows the highest intoxicant ingestion ( 88 % ) between the age bracket as compared to kids aged 10 to 13 that have the lowest ( 29 % ) . Conversely, kids aged 15 to 16 were used in ESPAD ‘s survey, which shows high rate of underage orgy imbibing in the UK among these age bracket ( Hibell et al. , 2004 ) . HOFs ( 2005 ) reported that immature males are likely to gorge drink ( 49 % ) than immature females ( 39 % ) . However, Hibell et Al. ( 2004 ) argued that UK imbibing civilization seems to be switching from immature males devouring intoxicant far more than immature females because figures show that in the UK, Ireland and Isle of Man, adolescent misss are more likely than teenage male childs to hold consumed intoxicant in orgies ( Velleman, 2009 ) . Griffith ( 2000 ) suggested that imbibing has been reported as being portion of British imbibing civilization for coevalss. Plant and works ( 2006 ) argued that most people in the UK drink alcoholic drinks and the negative effects of this imbibing are clearly a large job. The imbibing forms are extremely influenced by national civilization ( Velleman, 2009 ) . For illustration, in Mediterranean civilization, immature people are most likely to imbibe and imbibe more frequently and ne’er caused public inebriation ( Velleman, 2009 ) whereas in northern European, imbibing is characterised by inordinate imbibing but less frequent and heavier when it does happen ( IAS, 2007 ) . Parental influence was critically explored by Velleman et Al. ( 2005 ) of which household construction was one of the countries where households can act upon their bush leagues ‘ substance use behavior. Hellandsjo Bu et Al. ( 2002 ) stated that kids imbibing at a younger age from single-parent households have limited household support. Steinberg et Al. ( 1994 ) argued that non-separated parents who expect a batch from their kids and supply a sense of self-efficacy tend to hold kids who are less likely to be misapplying intoxicant. Environmental factor such as advertizement ( direct and indirect ) is another factor act uponing minor orgy imbibing. Anderson A ; Baumberg ( 2006 ) and Hastings ( 2007 ) have suggested in their reappraisal that intoxicant advertisement and selling are important factors in the rise in intoxicant ingestion by immature people. In contrast, intoxicant and advertisement industries argued that as the alcoholic drink is a legal merchandise it should be lawfully possible for it to be advertised ( IAS, 2008 ) . Other determiners are the influence of equal force per unit area ( Velleman, 2009 ) and socio-economic factors ( Measham, 1996 ) every bit good as single factors ( Ryan, 2005 In IAS, 2007 ) such as unprompted personality traits, populating off from place and to greater richness, and increase in orgy imbibing for those who have weak wellness beliefs. Current GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES AND BINGE Drinking The four states that constitute UK responded to ways in which lifting rate of orgy imbibing could be controlled. In England, authorities published a policy papers in 2004 on Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England ( Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy Unit, 2004 ) . This scheme sets out to turn to better instruction and communicating to accomplish a long term alteration in attitudes to irresponsible imbibing. It besides focuses on better wellness and intervention systems to better early designation and intervention of intoxicant jobs every bit good as to battle intoxicant related offense and working with the intoxicant industry to construct on the good pattern of bing enterprises and develop new 1s. Finally, the new licensing jurisprudence that allows 24 hr entree to intoxicant was introduced by the authorities in November 2005 ( Department for Culture, Media A ; Sport, 2005 ) . The authorities step to undertake orgy imbibing focuses on injury minimization but failed to turn to the handiness of intoxicant through its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence and affordability ( POST, 2005 ) . The current licensing jurisprudence harmonizing to the authorities tends to cut down the pattern of stashing intoxicant merely before the shutting hours and besides cut downing the Numberss of people hotfooting into the street to buy intoxicant. The Royal College of Physician ( RCP ) strongly disagreed with authorities policy on its 24 hr licensing jurisprudence. It was suggested that this will increase the overall ingestion of intoxicant and will hold public wellness deductions ( POST, 2005 ) . Government argued that its intoxicant licensing jurisprudence will cut down offense and anti-social behavior and promote a alteration in UK imbibing civilization ( POST, 2005 ) . Following the grounds presented above about the effect of orgy imbibing in the UK, it is clear that more dependa ble and grounds based solutions need to be put in topographic point because the authorities is trusting to control intoxicant related offense instead than seting scheme that would control the overall ingestion of intoxicant in order to safeguard the wellness of the people in general. The authorities policy on intoxicant seems to belie the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion ( OCHP ) which suggests that all public policies should be examined for its impact on wellness ( WHO, 1986 ) which seems to hold been overlooked by the authorities. Furthermore, the Numberss of people sing intoxicant related injury continue to increase in the UK. For illustration, the Numberss of people deceasing from alcoholic liver diseases are increasing in England and Wales ( HM Government, 2007 In NICE, 2007 ) . The author feels that if the scheme to control the overall ingestion of intoxicant could be put in topographic point, it will certainly advance what the authorities is trusting to accomplish. Peoples should be entitled to good wellness and what orgy imbibing is doing in the UK is beliing what a good wellness should be. WHO ( 1948 ) defines wellness as a province of complete physical, mental and societal wellbeing but non needfully absence of disease. Alma-Ata declaration argued that people should hold entree to healthcare at a cost that is low-cost and people going the ownership of their attention ( WHO, 1978 ) . It besides argued that wellness should be a cardinal human right and non a privilege. The authorities ‘s scheme on orgy imbibing seems to miss public wellness benefits as it contradicts Alma-Ata declaration of what a good wellness should be for the people. POLICY INTERVENTION Harmonizing to Stevenson et Al. ( 2002, p.533 ) policy is ‘a class of action adopted or proposed by an organisation or individual ‘ . However, the author argued that a policy is a set of regulation or guideline that is specifically drafted for a peculiar intent for an person, administration or state to follow. The author will therefore focal point on beef uping the current authorities scheme as this scheme appears non to be battling adolescent orgy imbibing in the UK. The author aims to suggest a policy to cut down 24 hours entree to alcohol ( licencing jurisprudence ) to a restricted clip graduated table and to increase intoxicant revenue enhancements as ways of pull offing the handiness of intoxicant and to cut down early intoxicant imbibing. These thoughts are good supported by RCP, British Medical Association, and Academy of Medical Sciences ( POST, 2005 ) . Presently in the UK, the legal imbibing age is 18 old ages ( Office of communications, 2004 ) and the author is suggesting that the age should be increased to 21 in order to cut down teenage imbibing at early age and its associated injury. There has been a argument in the Australian media proposing increasing the legal age of intoxicant ingestion from 18 to 21 old ages ( Toumbourou, et Al. 2008 ) . Several surveies conducted in the yesteryear suggested that raising the age would cut down striplings ‘ entree to alcohol and subsequent associated injuries ( Grube, 1997 ; Ludbrook et al. , 2002 ) . Lowering the legal imbibing age from 20 to 18 in New Zealand is reported to hold resulted in a crisp addition in teenage and grownups binge imbibing ( Everitt A ; Jones, 2002 ) . The author feels that if this attack is embraced, it will curtail entree to alcohol among elderly 18 to 21 which will partially cut down rate of imbibing. However, this action on its ain will non decide the org y imbibing and all its associated injury. NICE ( 2007 ) produces public wellness guidelines on reasonable intoxicant ingestion for usage in primary and secondary schools in order to undertake the imbibing job among the immature people. The policy besides sets to supply support for intoxicant imbibing parents. It appears that authorities is seeking their best to control the lifting rate of underage imbibing in the UK. However, the author feels that sophisticated intoxicant consciousness programmes should be made available to the parents through their General Practitioners ( GPs ) . There is no modus operandi on intoxicant consciousness programme for the parents through their GPs and what appears to be available through the GP is to offer support when intoxicant is going or had become a job. There is a demand for everyday based intoxicant consciousness for the imbibing parents in all the GP surgeries. This thought is good supported by OCHP which focuses on assisting people develop their accomplishments in order to be in contro l of their lives and have more power in determinations that affect them ( WHO, 1986 ) . In making this, parents will be able to give advise on intoxicant imbibing as they will take by illustration by non imbibing or carrying intoxicant drinks in the house. Evidence shows that parents are likely to act upon their kids through their imbibing behavior ( Bandura 1977, In Velleman, 2009 ) . The author is besides suggesting that all alcohol related adverts ( direct or indirect ) should be ban in the UK because a recent reappraisal of seven international research surveies revealed that there is a correlativity between anterior intoxicant advertisement and selling exposure and subsequent intoxicant imbibing behavior in immature people ( Smith A ; Foxcroft, 2007 ) . Taking actions on intoxicant advertizement in order to safeguard the hereafter of bush leagues are good supported by WHO ‘s European Charter on intoxicant. It addresses the European states to take action on intoxicant advertizement of which forbiddance was portion of the recommendations that were highlighted ( IAS, 2008 ) . However, the author is cognizant that this attack might non be in favor of the UK economic system because alcohol investors may go forth or non put in such state where publicity of their intoxicant merchandise can non be advertised. The author believes that overall wellness of the peop le should outweigh such economic job. Last, the author is suggesting that a step such as presenting a national individuality card for its citizens with a position that this card will be used at the point of intoxicant purchase in order to maintain a record of authorities recommended ( THSCIC, 2009 ) daily alcohol consumption ( 3-4 and 2-3 units for work forces and adult females severally ) for an person who uses his/her card. This proposal will be monitored in relation to daily intoxicants intake should people get down to stash intoxicant. This proposal will besides restrict intoxicant entree to the bush leagues as grounds suggests they still have entree to alcohol despite authorities policy ( HOFs, 2006 ) . Ethical CONSIDERATION This survey considers the four widely accepted ethical rules ( Beauchamp A ; Childress, 1995 ) which are autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justness. This survey will promote the minor people to do picks based on the information provided. The right information will be passed to them and will be allowed to do their informed determinations. The survey is besides constructed in a manner that is good to minor people, household and society at big. The confidentiality and regard of the people will be maintained. Last, the author will guarantee that people are treated reasonably and the resources will be shared every bit among those that need support. Contemplation My apprehension of public wellness and application of theory into pattern has developed to a considerable degree during the class of this survey. This survey seems to be complex and necessitating in-depth cognition and apprehension of public wellness pattern. With equal homos and material resources obtained, I was able to bring out troubles that were ab initio apparent. This survey has given acceptance to the spreads that sometimes occur in authorities scheme to battle a job. I am cognizant that for an issue such as minor orgy imbibing to be revisited on the public docket, there may be a demand to recommend and intercede between different involvements for the chase of wellness of the people in the society. Such manner is achieved through media, advertisement to raise public consciousness, personal entreaties by public functionaries and famous persons and many other attacks ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) . Although this is non a warrant that such issues will derive public docket but it is suggested that public sentiment has its greatest impact on authorities decision-making when people feel strongly and clearly about a job ( Pencheon et al. , 2006 ) . Decision This survey has attempted to research the lifting rate of underage orgy imbibing by critically measuring the authorities steps in undertaking the job, with raised and explored policy intercessions in order to turn to spreads in authorities scheme. It is hoped that the policy intercessions would turn to the overall intoxicant ingestion instead than aiming merely the intoxicant orgy drinkers. Mentions Acheson, D. ( 1988 ) . Public Health in England. London: HMSO. Anderson, P. A ; Baumberg, B. ( 2006 ) Alcohol in Europe, a public wellness position: A study for the European Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies Bandura, A. ( 1977 ) . Cited In: Velleman, R. erectile dysfunction. Influence on how kids and immature people learn about and act towards intoxicant. A reappraisal of the literature for the literature for the Joseph Rowntree Foundation ( portion one ) . York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation. [ Online ] . Retrieved on 12th December 2009 from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.drugsandalcohol.ie/12563/1/JRF_children-alcohol-use-partone_2009.pdf Beauchamp, T. L. A ; Childress, J. F. ( 1995 ) . Principles of biomedical moralss. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Cabinet Office Prime Minister ‘s Strategy ( 2004 ) . The Alcohol Harm Reduction Strategy for England. London: Cabinet Office. Dahlgren, G A ; Whitehead, M ( 1991 ) . Policies and schemes to advance societal equity in wellness ( Roneo ) . Capital of sweden: Institute for Future Studies. Department for Culture, Media A ; Sport ( 2005 ) New Licensing Laws Come into Effect at Midnight Tonight. [ Online ] . 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Corporate Governance HIH Insurance Generates

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Governance for HIH Insurance Generates. Answer: Introduction: In Australia, there is established a market of general insurance. In 2011 Statistics shows that private sector of this industry generates $34.9 billion per annum as premiums, and this industry has a total asset of $113.9 billion. Insurance sector also provides employment to approx 60000 peoples. The rulers of this market in Australia are Suncor, IAG, QBE Insurance Group Ltd and Allianz Australia Ltd. Representative body of this industry is Insurance Council of Australia. The Private sector of this industry in Australia contributes more than 90% of total premium income (Insurance Council of Australia, 2016). HIH Insurance Limited which was the holding company of HIH group was also a part of this industry and not only part but the main player in this industry. HIH Insurance Limited was a company which was publicly listed in Australia. Before the failure of HIH, it was the second largest general insurer in Australia. HIH operates in many other countries. In 2001, on 15th March HIH Insurance and its subsidiaries were goes into provisional liquidation and in the same year on 27th of August these companies were liquidated. A G McGrath and A R M Macintosh are the liquidators of the company at the time of liquidation of the company. HIH group is a bunch of 240 companies. Eight companies out of those 240 companies were those companies which are already licensed or formerly licensed in Australia as insurance companies (HIH insurance, n.d.). In this report, we discuss about the failure of HIH group on the standards of corporate governance also we review the performance of organization related to corporate governance. This paper also lays down the standards, principles, recommendations and other tools and techniques related to corporate governance. And in last, we conclude the report with a brief conclusion. Corporate governance Case Study of HIH: Corporate governance is a very wide term and cover rules, relationships various processes in its ambit. Description of corporate governance includes rules, relationships, systems and various processes through which companies controlled and exercised its authorities and other functions. In August 2002 a council was established for the development of Principles and Recommendations. For the purpose of development of these principles and recommendations, many businesses, industry groups, and shareholders are bring together for providing their valuable advice on issues related to governance. In 2003 council introduced these Principles and Recommendations. These principles are applied to all the entities which are listed on the ASX, no matter whether they are established in Australia or not, and whether they are managed through internal or external channels. Some companies which are managed through external channels cannot apply recommendations as it is; they require some changes in recommendations. These principles and Recommendations applied only to the entities which are listed on ASX. But these guidelines are very helpful for others companies also and adopted by various other companies. Following are the principles and recommendations provided by the Council: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight: in this principle council describe that a company which is listed on ASX must disclose and establish the roles and duties of its board of directors and management of the company, and also establish the mechanism to monitor and evaluate the performance of the company. Structure the board to add value: the company must have an appropriate size, skills, composition and commitment of its board of directors so that board can effectively work and fulfill its duties. Act ethically and responsibly: the company must behave ethically and responsibly. Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting: the companies which are listed on ASX must establish a mechanism through which company verifies and safeguard the integrity of its corporate reporting. Make timely and balanced disclosure: entity must make a timely and fair disclosure of all important matters. Respect the rights of security holders: entities must respect the rights of its shareholders and provide them all material information and facility so that they can access those rights. Recognize and manage risk: companies must establish a framework that can manage risk and also evaluate the efficiency of that framework. Remunerate fairly and responsibly: a policy of directors remuneration must be correct so that company can retain directors of high quality. Note: Council gives 29 recommendations to give effect to the general principles and also provide comments regarding both principles and the recommendations. Now we discuss in brief about the case study of HIH group and also the corporate governance principles which relate to the case of HIH insurance: In 2001, 1st March was a day when APRA issue show cause notice to the HIH insurance for the failure of appointment of an inspector under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 and on 15th March HIH group applied to the court for its provisional liquidation. The Investigation was conducted, and the result of the investigation showed that there was the deficit of assets over liabilities. HIH was the largest failure in the corporate world at that time. Australian government appoints a commission for looking into the matter and the commission known as the royal commission. Commission scrutinizes the performance of the APRA Arthur Anderson, auditors of the company. Commission investigates for 18 months and cost incurred in the investigation was A$50 million. Justice Neville Owen says: this deficiency was arising due to the amount of claims raised in the previous year which is more than the amount of premium. Justice Neville Owen also asks why the risks are not properly managed. The answer to this question is mismanagement of HIH. Justice filed 53 criminal prosecutions against the officers of the company. Justice found that this collapse is not due to any fraud, but due to breaches of the law. Following are the issues which result in liquidation of HIH: Bad Corporate Governance Under-provisioning Valuation of the assets is not appropriate. Accountability of performance is not there. Complex procedures Information provided to the directors, auditors, and regulators are not integrating (Australian Government; The Treasury, 2015). The case of HIH was a big shock for the insurance industry in Australia; it put a negative impact on the consumer related to the insurance industry. Not only company and government are affected, but the people who lost their jobs and the policy holders are not sure whether they receive their claim or not. Shareholders have the holding of shares, but now they are of no value. Royal Commission states that APRA is not responsible for the failure of HIH Group (Case Studies on the HIH Insurance Group, n.d.). Corporate Governance in Australia is based on the shareholders approach. Act which govern the insurance industry in Australia Insurance Act 1973, which was amended in 2001 with new provisions which are applied from 1 July 2002. The Reason of amendments is to achieve the protection for policyholders and beneficiaries (OECD, 2002). Royal Commission report: the report issued by Justice Owen has the number of recommendations in respect of 56 breaches of law found by Justice in the investigation. This report states that the reason for the failure of HIH was corporate mismanagement in the company. Justice Owen highlighted that: Decisions taken by the board on major transactions were not right because they take decisions without analysis of facts. CEO of the company has influenced in the decision making of audit committee. Therefore audit committee does not take proper decision. Directors of the company failed to make provisions for the outstanding claim. Principles of corporate governance which company was failed to exercise are: Lay solid foundations for management and oversight, Safeguard integrity in corporate reporting and recognize and manage risk. Discussion related to this is mention below: In this principle board of directors of the company have the following responsibilities: The board is responsible for setting the objective of the company, and checks how management implement the objective of the company and also overlook the performance of the management. The board approves the budgets of the company and expenditure related to the capital. The board keeps check on the risk management policy of the company. Check the corporate reporting system of company and also external audit system of company. The board makes timely disclosures related to material information. The board makes remuneration policy for company, and make sure that the corporate governance practices are implemented in organization. Board of directors of HIH is failed in exercising their duties in an effective way. Justice Owen found that there are many deficiencies in the management of the company and board of company does not work efficiently. Identify and articulate strategy: in this justice said that organization failed in making an effective strategy, this was a failure of the board and individual directors of the company. For making a perfect business strategy, it is necessary that board consider the regulatory framework of the company and also its competitors. The Board can achieve this by conducting strategy meeting time to time. Monitor and review performance: in HIH there was no mechanism for monitor the performance of management and through which performance can be judged. The board of directors of the company is also responsible for ensuring whether proposals of management are followed or not. Depend on managements advice: directors of the company rely on the advice of the management and on external factors. They do not take responsibility for any information or decision. They did not check that whether the information provided to them is accurate or not. It is the biggest mistake of the director that they relied on information without making crosscheck. Positioning for pro-activeness: all the directors get the lesson from HIH case that it is their duty to ask questions from the management of the company review the performance of the organization and management of the company. Define and enforce limits on authority: it is necessary that organization put some limitations on the authority also. Entry of HIH in film finance insurance was the clear example of how important is that to put some limitations on authority also. Corporate Structure: Structure of HIH group was so complex that board was not able to manage it. The Board is not able to monitor the activities of complete HIH group. For example: non-executive directors of the company are not the directors of the company which has licensed as an insurer. Subsidiary of the HIH group takes care of a number of companies in the group. The Role of board: in the case HIH it is clear that management of company acted without the advice of the board which results in biggest corporate failure. Management of HIH considers its board as an obstacle in its way rather than a tool which increase the performance of management. It is the duty of the board to ensure that performance of management is as per the strategy of the company so that Conflicts can be avoided by the management and the board of the company. Monitor and resolve conflicts of interest: board of the company is not able to resolve the conflicts related to individual directors related party transactions. And this is because board did not focus on these issues. Board does not have any procedure to identify and resolve such issues. Chairman of Company: in the report it was found that management controls the flow of information towards the board. Management of the company limits the issues which were delivered to the board. Result of which board is not able to review the current issues and manage the risk related to the company (corporate governance update, 2003; ASX, n.d.). Justice Owen made some recommendations in the report which are stated below: Disclosure related to directors remuneration. Whatever the directors get as consideration, no matter in what form must be disclosed. There must be some duties enforced on the management of the company. Audit independence- for maintaining the independence of the auditor it is necessary that partner of audit firm cannot become director of the company for four years from the date of resigning from the audit firm. 2years gap between the resigning from an audit firm and becoming a director of the client, this provision is applicable on a partner who was not directly engaged in the audit of the client. Rotation of auditor from time to time as mention in guidelines. Before releasing the price sensitive information, approval or review of the board is necessary. All the necessary disclosures must be made to APRA. Undesirable corporate governance in HIH case: Board of directors of HIH was completely influenced by the senior management of the company which reduces the efficiency of the board in taking informed decisions. Board of directors of the company failed to scrutinize the decisions of management. The Board is not able to check the working of management due to the absence of discussion related to strategy at the level of the board of directors. The Flow of information towards board of directors is governed by the management of the company, which results in, the board does not have complete and accurate information related to the working of the company. The Board does not have the systematic check on the management working and does not held accountability related to performance. Agenda of the board is controlled by the management of the company and not by the board of directors of the company. The Complex structure of the organization, due to which board of directors of the company is not able to check the complete activities of the group. Due to lack of information board is not able to check the internal management of the company and help in solving conflicts (Find Law Australia, n.d.). Conclusion: This report contains the discussion on corporate governance practices and case study of HIH group. In this report, we discuss and critically analyze the matter of HIH group and also learn some lessons from the study of this case. As we all know it is a biggest corporate collapse in Australia and not only affect the government but also put some escalation marks on the principles of corporate government practices. The Insurance industry is a profitable industry for Australia. 2011 Statistics shows that private sector of this industry generates $34.9 billion per annum as premiums, and this industry has the total asset of $113.9 billion. Corporate Governance in Australia is based on the shareholders approach. An Act which governs the insurance industry in Australia is Insurance Act 1973, which was amended later on. The amendment was made for the benefit and protection of policyholders. In August 2002 a council was established for the development of Principles and Recommendations of corpo rate governance by ASX. APRA issue show cause notice to the HIH insurance for the failure of appointment of the inspector under section 52 of the Insurance Act 1973 and on 15th March HIH group applied to the court for its provisional liquidation. On 27th August 2001 HIH group was liquidated. HIH was the largest failure in the corporate world at that time. Australian government appoints a commission for looking into the matter and the commission known as the royal commission. Justice Neville Owen says: this deficiency was arising due to the amount of claims raised in the previous year which is more than the amount of premium. Question was raised by the justice on the risk management policy of the company. The report was issued by the justice known as the royal commission report which includes that failure of HIH was not due to any fraud but due to mismanagement of the company and because of wrong decisions are taken by the board which was influenced by the management of company. In last we conclude that nonp ractice of corporate governance principles, lead the corporation to a big failure. References: ASX Corporate Governance Council,2014.Corporate Governance Principles and Recommendations .Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.asx.com.au/documents/asx-compliance/cgc-principles-and-recommendations-3rd-edn.pdf. Treasury Crest, 2015. Aftermath of the HIH collapse. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.treasury.gov.au/PublicationsAndMedia/Publications/2015/Economic-Roundup-Issue-1/HTML/article-3/3-Aftermath-of-the-HIH-collapse. Corporate Governance Update (2003). HIH Royal Commission Report. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: file:///C:/Users/Guest/Downloads/02547-Corporate%20Governance%20Update%20(HIH).pdf. Find law Australia, The HIH legacy: Corporate governance and shareholder value, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.findlaw.com.au/articles/1431/the-hih-legacy-corporate-governance-and-shareholde.aspx. HIH insurance, About the HIH Group, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.hih.com.au/Group-About.html. IAIS, Case Studies on the HIH Insurance Group, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.iaisweb.org/modules/cciais/assets/files/pdf/061004_BGN-0_hih_background_note.pdf. Insurance Council of Australia,2016. About Us. Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.insurancecouncil.com.au/about-us. OECD, Corporate Governance of Insurers in Australia, Retrieved on 06th September 2016 from: https://www.oecd.org/finance/insurance/2490045.pdf.